1.引言/详细介绍/参考文献回望一部分

[明确主题风格的必要性]

• X is the leading cause of lung cancer in western industrialized countries.

• Xs are among the most widely used antiviral medications and…

• X is a common disease characterized by…

• The issue of X has received considerable critical attention

• X is an increasingly important issue in experimental astronomy…

• Xs are some of the most potent anti-coagulants that exist…

• X is an important component in robotics and plays a key role in Y.

[使用时间架构明确主题风格的必要性]

• Recent developments in X have increased the need for…

• Over the past fifty years there has been a steady increase in…

• Traditionally, Xs have employed one type of model that…

• In the last five years, there has been increasing public interest in…

• Recently, researchers have increased their scrutiny of…

• Since the late 1970’s research into X has experienced a boom…

• One of the most important breakthroughs of the 1990’s was…

[得出参考文献引言]

• In the past decade, a number of studies have sought to determine…

• Previous studies in this area of research have reported…

• A considerable volume of literature has been published on X.

• Xs were reported in the later models of Y (e.g., Pinot, 1998; Gregory,& Mustafa, 2002).

• Jackson (2004: 154) demonstrates that past research into X was…

• Surveys such as those carried out by Jackson (2004) showed how…

[突显研究领域的难题]

• However, these rapid changes are having serious effects…

• Regardless of the progress in the area of X, the major problem of Y persists.

• Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.

• Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of…

[突显研究领域的异议]

• To date there has been no consensus on how…

• Some observers have drawn attention to the conflict in…

• The controversy regarding confirmation of X has raged unabated for many decades.

• Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of…

• Little information is understood about X or what key factors…

[突显之前科学研究的存在的不足]

• However, the relationship has not been strongly established …

• What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …

• Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …

• Results of previous studies have proved inconclusive

[表明科学研究的目地]

• The main purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of…

• There are two central objectives of this study: 1.To investigate… 2. To determine…

• The aim of this survey has been to try and ascertain what…

• The goal of this study is to investigate the differences between….

• The purpose of this research is to examine the way in which …

[科学研究难题或假定]

• The central question in this dissertation examines …

• This study aimed to address the following questions:

• In particular, this study will examine four main research questions:

• A crucial research question of this study was thus whether…

• The hypothesis that will be tested is…

2.方式和原材料一部分

[数据信息的方式和来源于概述]

• This study was investigative and exploratory in nature.

• The study was conducted in the form of a series of experiments, with data being gathered via…

• This research takes the form of a case study of the…

• Using quantitative measures, I attempt to examine the…

• Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study

[表述为何应用或回绝某类方式]

• A longitudinal study was used to allow a wider sample of…

• A qualitative method was avoided to ensure the accuracy of…

• However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of…

• The X approach has a number of useful features, including…

[叙述全过程（应用持续词/介词）

• In order to identify the most responsive traits, the subjects were given…

• To establish whether there were any mitigating factors…

• For the purpose of measuring weight, all subjects stood…

• Data for this study were retrospectively collected from…

• Prior to undertaking this study, measurements were taken of…

• Following this procedure, each sample was put in a…

• The resulting compound was manually mixed in a flask so that…

[叙述全过程（应用公文/详细资料）]

• Data analysis was carried out using X.

• Comparisons between the two groups were made using t-tests…

• Using X-ray and focusing on X, it was possible to measure…

• At intervals of 2 min, 50cc of X was dissolved into Y….

3.結果一部分

[参照总体目标或方式]

• To account for these two possibilities…

• The correlation between X and Y was tested and found to be…

• The first group of analyses examined the effects of…

• T-tests were used to determine the connection between…

[突显报表，数据图表或数据图表中的数据信息]

• As Table 4 shows, there is a clear trend of…

• From the data in Figure 3.7, is can be seen that…

• The differences between X and Y are shown in Table 2.

• Data in this chart can be compared with those in Table 3, which…

[得出积极主动/消沉的結果]

• There was a significant positive correlation between X and Y…

• The results, as shown in Figure 25, indicate that…

• Post hoc analysis indicated that the two groups were…

• There was no significant increase of X associated with…

• No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo.

• None of the differences measured were statistically significant.

• Only trace amounts of X were found to be present in…

[报导趣味或让人诧异的結果]

• Interestingly, X was shown to have…

• Surprisingly, there was no correlation found between X and Y.

• The most striking observation to emerge from the data analysis was…

• The most striking finding of this experiment was…

[报导访谈，调研和結果调查问卷]

• Forty-six individuals returned the questionnaires…

• Respondents were asked to indicate whether…

• In response to the question “____?” 53 percent indicated that…

• The majority of those who responded to this item said that…

• Just under half of the participants expressed the belief that…

[汇总和衔接]

• Together these results provide crucial insights into…

• In summary, these results indicate that…

• The results in this chapter point to…The next chapter therefore moves on to discuss…

• Overall, these results imply that…

4.探讨一部分

[论文参考文献或研究方案/难题]]

• As mentioned in the review of literature, there are many studies that…

• One initial objective was to determine what kind of…

• It was hypothesized that participants dealing with Alzheimer’s would…

• In the review of the literature, little to no data was found to connect…

• A strong relationship between X and Y was reported in the literature.

[讲出出现意外的結果]

• Surprisingly, X was found to have no additional DNA markers in the…

• This finding was unexpected and suggests that there is…

• Contrary to expectations, this study located no significant differences between…

• One unanticipated finding was that X was…

[参照之前的参考文献（适用/分歧假定）]

• These results match those mentioned in earlier studies of X….

• This finding further supports the argument that X is…

• These findings corroborate the ideas of Jackson and Coll (2011), who maintained that….

• However, the findings of the current study are not consistent with previous research.

• This result has not previously been described in similar studies.

• These findings differ from Ronald’s 1994 estimate of X, but are broadly consistent with earlier studies.

[得出結果的表述]

• There are several possible explanations for such a result.

• Another possible explanation for this might be…

• These differences can be explained in part by the colors of X and Y.

• It seems likely that these results are in fact due to…

• This discrepancy could be attributed to…

• There are two likely causes for the differences between X and Y

[提议一个广泛的假定]

• Therefore, it is possible/probable/likely that X and Y are…

• Hence, it could be hypothesized that…

• This finding, while preliminary, suggests that X is an agent of…

• The value of X suggests that a link may exist between…

[探讨更普遍的危害]

• These results help us to understand how X and Y are connected.

• These results provide wider support for the hypothesis that…

• One of the larger issues emerging from these findings is…

• An implication of these findings is the potential for…

[暗示着将来的工作中]

• There is abundant space for further progress in analyzing…

• At present, several questions remain unanswered.

• A further study with more focus on X should be done to investigate…

• Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.

5.结果（探讨完毕一部分）

[严格执行科学研究的目地]

• This study set out to determine that X had implications on…

• In this investigation, the goal was to assess the efficacy of…

• This paper argued that X was important in determining Y.

• Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.

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