MLA格式secondary source引用规范

留学人员们在写一些文科类的essay的情况下，必须掌握2个定义，分别是：primary source和secondary source。很有可能许多小伙伴们都不清楚代表什么意思，Meeloun我来给大伙儿普及化一下。

文学著作自身称为 primary source，弦外之音便是第一手资料，未历经他人生产加工过的文字，而 secondary source 则是生产加工primary source 的一些文字，包含：指责某文学著作的文章内容（例如你写的剖析毕业论文、别的评论家对某著作的指责）、该创作者的人物传记（例如提到了该创作者在写作该文学著作的历经）、创作者自身写的文章内容或是个人传记（留意，创作者的人物传记和自身写的文章内容在这儿往往被作为是 secondary source 是由于你的文章内容是引入这种材料来协助你剖析她们的文学著作，你不是在剖析她们的人物传记自身，她们的文学著作才算是 primary source）。假如引入，务必要用精确的 MLA 文件格式。

MLA 文件格式包含两一部分：In-text citation 及其文章内容写完后另起一页的Works Cited 页。根据你的文件格式，阅读者能够找到你的前言是源于哪这书的几句话，二者的引入方式大伙儿能够参照：MLA文件格式文内(In-Text)与文尾(Works Cited)关键点

In-text Citation

文章内容中的引入一般在括弧中告知阅读者引入文字的创作者及其页数，如：

Arguing that fate has little to do with the tragedy that befalls Oedipus, Bernard Knox writes that “the catastrophe of Oedipus is that he discovers his own identity; and for his discovery he is first and last responsible” (6).

由于这里的语句里边早已讲出去到底是谁说的，因此 括弧里边不要反复，假如语句中没说，则要在括弧里写上 last name 页数（Knox 6）。自然具体情况要繁杂得多，例如，引入《经济学人》杂志文章的情况下，是沒有创作者的，引入网址文章内容的情况下，是沒有页数的，实际如何引入，大伙儿能够查询大家之前的文章内容。

Work Cited page

等着你文章内容都写好以后，要另起一页，将你文章内容中所引入的全部状况一一列出去，例如（留意这里是悬挂缩进）：

一般书本的文件格式是：Last name, First name. Name of the book. City of publication: Publisher, year of publication.

那杂志期刊、作品集、诗文、电影电视剧、网络媒体这些是啥文件格式呢？在大家以前的许多文章内容都给大伙儿提及过，大伙儿何不去回望一下。

Plagiarism

讲一下学术研究剽窃这一大罪。一般下列几类个人行为是被觉得是剽窃个人行为：

1.应用他人的idea或是他人的原句的情况下，沒有应用恰当的引用格式

2.在引入他人原句的情况下，沒有加双引号

3.在小结或是愿意复述的情况下，沒有应用自身的語言

大伙儿看一下，下边是一个剽窃的事例：

全文：

Here again Glaspell’s story reflects a larger truth about the lives of rural women. Their isolation induced madness in many. The rate of insanity in rural areas, especially for women, was a much-discussed subject in the second half of the nineteenth century.

—Elaine Hedges, “Small Things Reconsidered: ‘A Jury of Her Peers,’” p. 59

假如你那么写便是剽窃（橘色字体样式的一部分务必得加双引号！）：

Glaspell may or may not want us to believe that Minnie Wright’s murder of her husband is an insane act, but Minnie’s loneliness and isolation certainly could have driven her mad. As Elaine Hedges notes, the rate of insanity in rural areas, especially for women, was a much-discussed subject in the second half of the nineteenth century (59).

再看来一个事例：

全文：

Mothers [in the late nineteenth century] were advised to teach their daughters to make small, exact stitches, not only for durability but as a way of instilling habits of patience, neatness, and diligence. But such stitches also became a badge of one’s needlework skill, a source of self-esteem and of status, through the recognition and admiration of other women.

—Elaine Hedges, “Small Things Reconsidered: ‘A Jury of Her Peers,’ ” p. 62

假如你那么写便是剽窃 （和全文措辞、句型反复度太高！）：

One of the fìnal clues in the story, the irregular stitching in Minnie’s quilt patches, connects immediately with Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters. In the late nineteenth century, explains Elaine Hedges, small, exact stitches were valued not only for their durability. They became a badge of one’s prowess with the needle, a source of self-respect and of prestige, through the recognition and approval of other women (62).

可是依照下边那样写就不容易被评定为剽窃（愿意复述水平要高！）：

One of the final clues in the story, the irregular stitching in Minnie’s quilt patches, connects immediately with Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters. In the late nineteenth century, explains Elaine Hedges, precise needlework was valued for more than its durability. It was a source of pride to women, a way of gaining status in the community of other women (62).

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