Essay代写：段落的结构该怎么写？_essay代写

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从段落的结构逐渐

文章段落(Paragraph)由论述同一主题风格密不可分有关的多个语句构成，是一则词意详细、和睦统一的语篇，它可大可小，一两句、十几句或大量，视所需关键点而定。在英文写作中，文章段落是文章内容的基本要素。一些关键的写作方法都反映在一个合理配置、主题风格确立、详细统一的文章段落中。因而，学习写作先要从文章段落逐渐。

一般说来，一个文章段落由三一部分构成：主题风格句、拓展句和结果句。主题风格句明确提出阐述的主题风格，拓展句运用必需的关键点对主题风格多方面论述表明，结果句总结全文，在论述的基本上下结论。这三者是文章段落的必需成份，他们紧密联系，组成一个详细的文章段落。一些文章段落也有过渡句，它具有段与段中间的成功衔接。

Life in the 21st Century

１Life in the 21st century will be very interesting. ２ Perhaps we can go on a holiday to the moon, and some scientists may live under the sea. ３ Maybe we will have video telephones in every home.４ When we talk on the phone, we』ll be able to see the person at the other end of the line. ５ Perhaps we will have a computer in every classroom.６ It would be able to help us do a lot of things such as solving difficult problems, reviewing our lessons , and doing our homework. ７ Perhaps some children won』t need to go to school every day because there will be more educational programs on radio and television. ８ Maybe at that time every family will have a robot and it can do many kinds of housework for us. ９ Then what will we do with our extra time? 十I think we may have more time to study and learn how to use and control these machines. Well, let』s look at what wonderful life we will enjoy in the 21st century.

在这里一段中，１主题风格句，论述文章段落的主题思想；２，３，４，５，６，７，８，十为拓展句，例举例证来丰富多彩和表明主题思想；为结果句，与主题风格相映衬，归纳该文章段落的真实含意；９为过渡句。

从上边事例我们可以掌握段落的结构。要写好叙述清晰、充分发挥充足、构造认真细致的文章段落要留意以下几个方面：

(1)要有话可说；

(2)写一件事，讲明该事的本质；

(3)用实际关键点支持你的观点；

(4)按并列结构分配语句；

(5)把观念紧凑型地围绕起來；

(6)要梳理、归纳你的主题风格；

(7)文章段落长度要适当。

一般 对一个文章段落的机构明确提出2个规定：单一性和衔接性。一个文章段落应当只表明一个难题，或一个难题的某一方面；应当只描述一件事情，或一件事情的某一个环节。换句话说，它只有有一个含意和关键。一段中的各句要前后左右对接，条理清晰，尊重事实，使阅读者非常容易把握住它的意思。

一、文章段落的主题风格句

主题风格句(Topic sentence)归纳文章段落的具体内容，交代下面欲多方面表明、表述、论述的见解，限定着主题风格在文章段落中探讨的范畴和文章内容发展趋势的方式，是全部文章段落的纲要。主题风格句的优劣，立即关联到文章段落的取得成功是否。

(一)主题风格句的部位

1.主题风格句一般坐落于段首，这符合英语中华民族的逻辑思维特性。开场直截了当明确提出主题风格，接着加上关键点表明。如：

(1)Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiments show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a 「smoker』s cough」. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?

根据第一句，全段议案已一目了然——抽烟危害身心健康。

(2)Pollution is one of the greatest problems facing mankind today. Machines produce gases and smoke, and the air becomes dirty. Factory wastes contain chemicals. When these are poured into rivers, the water is polluted. Insecticides(灭虫剂)kill insects, but they also kill birds and animals that feed on the insects. To mankind, pollution causes sickness and even death. Everyone wants to stop pollution, but it is a difficult problem to solve.

上边文章段落的第一句为主题风格句，它使阅读者一开头就搞清楚此段的关键点——pollution(环境污染)。

2.主题风格句也可放置文章段落的结尾。

Albert Einstein, one of the world』s greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance examination on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America』s famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that failure in school does not always predict(预兆)failure in life.

上边文章段落的最后一句是主题风格句，坐落于文章段落的结尾，具有了戏剧化的栩栩如生实际效果，使创作者造成一种伏笔，造成阅读者阅读文章的兴趣爱好，使阅读者读后造成明显的印像。

3.主题风格句有时候放置文章段落的正中间。

Karaok(卡拉OK),which was invented by a Japanese, is one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. It』s also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. It』s noisy to your neighbours. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution.

熟练的创作者有时候会把主题风格句放置文章段落的正中间，应用适当，看起来当然、顺畅，也是有非常好的实际效果。

(二)主题风格句的规定

要写好主题风格句，有两根关键标准：

1.主题风格句要确立，句中须有一个词、短语或从句让阅读者一目了然本文章段落的准确主题风格，一目了然此段的关键或创作者的见解。比如：This paragraph will talk about birds. 这句话做为主题风格句就表述得不准确。该句太含糊，不包含主题风格。试较为下列一两句，下述好多个主题风格句就准确地表明了文章段落的主题风格：

a. Birds have a great sense of direction.

b. Pet owners prefer certain species of birds.

c. In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does.

d. Birds are suffering from air-pollution.

2.主题风格句要归纳，它阐述你需要表明的关键和见解，句中务必包括有可拓展主题风格的词、短语或从句。它应当就是你将进一步说明你的心态和观点的归纳。另外，主题风格句有益于操纵作者自己主题风格的拓展。比如：The young girl studied Chinese History. 该主题风格句无法归纳主题风格的关键点，则不利下边的拓展。最好是增加一个词或一个语句来改动这一语句，便于能顺利地拓展你的主题风格。比如：

a. The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History.

b. The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous historian.

c. The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.

主题风格句是一种承诺，如上边词组 c，你得把 three reasons 阐述清晰，否则会使阅读者心寒的。

(三)写好主题风格句须保证

1.清晰地阐述主题风格——写什么?

2.限制主题风格——别谈阔论。

3.有关键和见解——创作目地。

4.机构好一句详细、准确的语句——优良的开始!

(四)主题风格句的关键种类

英语段落中的主题风格句的种类许多 ，常见的种类能够归纳为以下几种：

1.要点式。

整体归纳文章段落的主题思想，它是最常见的方式。

(1)These days experiences, like many other things, are becoming more and more expensive.

(2)I have many hobbies, such as sports, singing, playing the violin and keeping a diary.

2.设疑式。

关键有提出问题式和异议式二种。

提出问题式：Should young students learn to do housework?/What is self-control?/Is money everything?

异议式：Is watching television good or bad?/Which is better: To get scores or to get ability?

3.比照式。

用独特的对比引出来主题风格，进而获得势不可当的显眼实际效果。

In choosing a good husband, different girls have different ideas, one suggests wealth, the next learning, while a third looks for a man who is handsome.

4.引入式。

引入名人语录，做为文章段落主题思想的主旋律。

As the saying goes,「Time past cannot be called back.」

5.大特写式。

为了更好地使描述增加戏剧化，可选择相关引人注意的客观事实、恶性事件、统计数据，或是当今让人很感兴趣的难题，做为文章段落的主题风格句。

(1)Last year, only one out of ten American high school graduates had studied a foreign language.

(2)Now as a girl of 20, I am able to understand something of life and at the same time dream.

(3)Father spends most of his time reading in silence.

6.引叙式。

从自己的相关历经说起。

When I first came to Germany in January 1946, all the cities seemed to be curiously alike.

(五)主题风格句的制订

主题风格句一般由一个主题风格和一个操纵定义组成。主题风格句不可以仅仅客观事实的阐述。如：

Christmas is celebrated on December 25.

November 11th is my birthday.

这几句全是客观事实的阐述，不包含一切须进一步表述的信息内容，不可以激发阅读者再次读下来的兴趣爱好。假如改成：

I had a terrible Christmas last year.

I had an unforgettable birthday on November 11th this year.

阅读者会预测分析，接下来可能详细介绍圣诞节不愉快或生日难以忘怀，进而会再次读下来。

二、文章段落的拓展句

拓展句(Supporting sentence)的功效是丰富多彩、适用、拓展主题风格句的内函。他们是文章段落的血和肉，使文章段落丰腴均匀。拓展句紧紧围绕中心思想而作，阐释、证实、保卫主题风格。拓展一部分的表明要深入，证实要充足，保卫要强有力，举例说明条理清晰，合乎观念逻辑性。拓展句的表达方式是各种各样的，能够按時间或空间顺序，从总体到部分或从部分到总体的方式开展描述、描绘、表明或讨论，也能用较为、比照、形容、计算、梳理、演译等方式来呈现。拓展句须听从主题风格表述的必须，不应该涉及到与主题风格不相干或关联生疏的內容。请看下面三例：

（1）Zoos are popular with all children. They are able to see all kinds of animals from all countries. In some places in Africa, the animals run about freely without fear of being killed. But in zoos, animals live in cages. Perhaps the favorite place in zoos is the elephant cage. There the elephants interest the children by spraying themselves with their trunk and doing various tricks. The children are especially delighted when an elephant takes bananas from them with its trunk. Some people say that it is cruel to force animals to play tricks before crowds of people.

此段中的 In some places in Africa, the animals run about freely without fear of being killed. 和 But in zoos, animals live in cages. 几句与主题风格不相干，应删掉。

（2）Last summer holiday is the worst I had ever had. It rained every day. Our car broke down three times, and we spent all our money trying to get it fixed. We could not afford a place to stay, so we had to sleep in the car. Fortunately, we came across an old friend later, who offered us his house. Then when we finally gave up and tried to walk home, we were arrested.

能够看得出 「Fortunately, we came across an old friend later, who offered us his house.」一句与主题风格不符合，应删除。

(一)拓展句的规定

一般 对拓展句的规定有两个：单一性和衔接性。

一个文章段落只表明一个难题、叙述一件事，拓展句务必牢牢地地紧紧围绕着主题风格句，不偏移主题思想，这就是单一性的规定。

１ Millions of years ago, Australia was connected to Asia by a land bridge. ２ Then an earthquake caused the land bridge to break. ３ The sea rushed in, and Australia became an island. ４ Later, this island became a British colony. ５ Many animals that once went back and forth across the land bridge stayed in Australia. ６ The gentle kangaroos(澳洲袋鼠)were among them. ７ Though fierce beasts killed them off elsewhere, they were able to continue to live in Australia.

这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚，那时候连人们也没有，自然无须说它之后沦落美国的殖民的事了，因而句４「Later, this island became a British colony.」这一句违反了单一性的标准，应删掉。

文章段落中的各拓展句要前后左右对接、条理清晰、尊重事实，使阅读者非常容易把握住文章段落的主题思想，这就是衔接性的规定。

１ When Professor Wang returned to the college this autumn, we noticed several changes in his appearance. ２ Instead of shoes he wore leather sandals(便鞋).３ His hair was combed forward over his forehead. ４ His coats were brighter in colour than they used to be. ５ On his upper lip grew a small moustache(胡须). ６ He had started wearing heavy eyeglasses with black frames. ７ His trouser legs were narrower than they had been last year. ８ Although he always wore dark necktie last year , now he wore striped(花纹的)bow ties(丝带蝴蝶结)every day.

这一段落叙述的是王教授2020年秋季返回高校时的表面转变，叙述顺序看起来忽高忽低，逻辑性混乱，无法给阅读者留有清楚的印像。假如从上边的秀发逐渐，随后是近视眼镜、胡须、外套、领结、牛仔裤子到鞋的肖像，阅读者当然容易认可，印像也刻骨铭心。因此上边文章段落的语句的顺序应改成 １—３—６—５—４—８—７—２ 最佳。

(二)拓展句的关键健身培训和方式

拓展句依据表述的內容，应用不一样的健身培训，选用不一样的创作方式。健身培训大概可分成叙事、描绘、表明和讨论四种；方式可分为叙述法、次序法、讲理法、解说法、分析法、界定法、较为和对比法、归类法、驳论法等。无论应用哪种健身培训和技巧，目地是一致的，全是为了更好地把要写的內容交待清晰，有助于阅读者了解。

In 1921, Franklin Roosevelt took his family sailing one day and he fell into the cold water. The next day, a forest fire broke out. Franklin and his children helped to fight the forest fire and put it out. It was hard and tiring work . After the fire was out, Franklin was sick. After that, he could not move his legs. The doctor said he could never walk again. Many people would have give up then. Franklin Roosevelt did not give up. He began to work to get well again. Even though he could not get out of bed, he did exercises, and his shoulders and arms grew very strong. At last the doctors let him out of bed, but he had to wear heavy metal braces(固定支架)on his legs. Then he went to Warm Spring, Georgia. He swam in the warm water there. Even though it was painful to move his legs, he kept on swimming and exercising them. He grew better until he could leave the braces off. He could walk with only a stick to help him. 「The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,」 President Roosevel t told people.

这一段描述罗斯福总统生病的缘故及他刚毅地击败病症的全过程。交待搞清楚，千头万绪清晰，前后左右连贯性，应用他的至理名言做为此段的主题风格。

How to learn English well? First, we should keep on using English if we want to learn it well. If we often do listening, speaking, reading and writing, we will improve our ability to use the language greatly. Second, grammar is important . It helps us understand and use English freely. But grammar is not everything. It is not a good way to spend most of our time on grammar. We are learning English, we are not learning about English. Last, at the beginning of our English study, we should pay more attention to listening and speaking. Try to have good intonation and pronunciation. Listening and speaking are closely connected with reading and writing. You cannot read and write well unless you are good at listening and speaking. If you insist on practising using English, you will find it not a hard job to learn English well.

这一段阐述的是怎样学会英语。第一句搞清楚地表明本文章段落的主题风格，随后从三个层面进行，实际表明学会英语的方式。描述清晰，简单明了，以问题为导向。

三、文章段落的结果句

结果句(Concluding sentence)也称汇总句，它意味着文章段落的完毕，当然应坐落于一段的末尾。结果句能用来重述主题风格、出示难题的处理方法，对将来开展预测分析，明确提出问题让阅读者思索，或对全段內容多方面简述。结果以前经常出現 In short, In a word, Therefore等词句。但并不是全部的文章段落都必须结果句，有的也可选用当然完毕的方法。如：

１ My brother is crazy because he seems to spend every cent he has on skiing. Last summer he bought the most expensive skis and poles that he could find. A few weeks later, he just bought a pair of custom-made ski boots. Then he found that his jacket and pants, which were only one season old, weren』t good enough, and replaced them with the best new jacket and pants he could find. Every weekend last winter, he traveled to a different ski resort to try out the slopes. He even went to Alaska for two weeks in the spring. Next year he says he』s going to Switzerland for a month. My brother is nothing but a skiing nut.

此段选用的是以新的用语重述主题思想。 「My bother is nothing but a skiing nut.」是对此段主题风格的再度阐述。

２ Some children do not work hard in the school, and so do not achieve as much as they can. Why does this happen? One reason may be a fear of failure. Children are expected to achieve too much. They are afraid they may not succeed, so they do less.Another cause for failure may be inner conflict. Children may be worried about certain tests at home. As a result, they devoted less attention to their studies. Poor teaching is another possible cause. Sometimes the teacher fails to make the subjects interesting. This can cause children to become bored and not work hard. As we see, the reasons are varied and complex. Teachers and parents should try to understand these children before they scold them for not working hard.

此段选用的是提意见的结果方法。

３ I had a very unlucky day yesterday. Everything went wrong. In the morning my alarm clock didn』t ring so I woke up one hour late. I was in such a hurry that I burned my hand when I was making breakfast. Then I ran out of the house to catch the 8︰30 bus, but of course I missed it. I was very unhappy because my teacher gets angry if anyone is late for class. I ran three miles to the school only to discover that it was Sunday .

此段选用的是当然末尾的方法。

写结果句可选用的技巧许多 ，可以说写主题风格句的各种各样技巧写结果句时都可用，其精神实质也一样：留意独创性，防止平平淡淡。结果句在留意汇总与映衬主题风格句的基本上，用一个短短感叹句、疑问句、一句话结果、一个形容、一句趣味性得话或一句名言将全段「提高」一下，实际效果会更好。

参考下边主题风格句与结果句映衬的事例：

1.(主题风格句： Only a mother』s love is selfless love.)

末尾句 What great love this is!

2.(主题风格句： Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.)

末尾句 How important it is to read good books!

3.(主题风格句： Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.)

末尾句 Why shouldn』t we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future?

4.(主题风格句： From Monday to Friday we go to school, and we have to do so on Saturday and Sunday. Our rights of enjoying our weekends have been taken away by those who wish us to do well in our lessons.)

末尾句： In short, for young people, not only are we eager for knowledge but also we are thirsty for colourful lives. Let』s become the real masters of weekends.

5.(主题风格句： When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.)

末尾句： Time was gone with the wind. But my childhood is like amber(琥铂), glittering in my life.

6.(主题风格句： Confucius(孟子)was one of the greatest sages(圣贤)and ethical philosophers(伦理道德思想家)in China.)

末尾句： No other reformer has held such influence over a great part of humanity for so long a period.

7.(主题风格句： Success comes with hard work.)

末尾句 So, as Thomas Edison once said, genius is one percent inspiration(设计灵感)and ninety-nine percent perspiration(辛勤).

从之上的事例，我们可以清晰地看得出主题风格句和结果句的关联，结果句在含意上和主题风格句保持一致，与主题风格句密不可分映衬，但又不是简易的反复。例1和例2 应用感叹句，例3 应用疑问句，例4 应用一句汇总，例5 则应用一个形容，例6 应用归纳，例7 则应用了一句名言，他们都具有加强中心思想的功效，给阅读者留有了较深的印像。

结果句并不是不可或缺，但它能具有下列的功效：

（1） 表明文章段落的完毕。

（2）汇总关键点，与主题风格句相映衬。

（3）供阅读者就本文章段落的具体内容和看法有一个刻骨铭心的印像或开展思索。

第二节 文章段落的创作规定

一、文章段落的统一性

文章段落的统一性是文章段落创作的最基础规定。一个文章段落只有有一个主题风格，其他全部的客观事实、事例、直接证据都应服务项目于同一个主题风格。全部与主题风格不有关的关键点都应删除。统一性有利于创作者清晰合理地表述自身的见解。根据有机化学地将主题风格息息相关的拓展句编辑在一起，可使文章内容更确立、管理中心更突显。如：

１ Some people believe wealth can not bring them happiness. For example, when one gets a fortune, the family members will come from different parts of the country and try to share the wealth with him. And afterwards, they will quarrel with one another, trying to share more. And sometimes even appear blood fight and killing. What a terrible result!

２ TV plays an important part in our daily life nowadays. It provides us news at home and abroad and it brings us much pleasure. We can spend our spare time happily with TV. For example, cartoons are great fun to children. Children can also learn a lot from TV programs.

３ TV sometimes has a bad effect on students. First, watching TV too much does great harm to their health, especially to their eyes. Second, if children spend too much time on TV, they will certainly spend less time in reading. Besides, some programs are not suitable for children. They will perhaps lead children to the wrong way.

４ Sign language is a way of talking by using signs. Indians use sign language when they met strangers. In this way, they could find out whether the stranger was a friend or an enemy. In Indian sign language, signs are made with the hands . One sign meant 「man」. Another meant「horse」. To tell the time of a day when something happened, an Indian pointed to the sky. He showed where the sun had been at the time.

上列每段中，全部的拓展关键点都紧紧围绕着主题风格句进行，文章段落的统一性遭受维持。再看下述几段：

１ Air pollution is a very serious problem. There are too many vehicles that send out poisonous gases to pollute the air. There are also a great number of shops and boats that leak oil to pollute the harbor and kill sea lives. Laziness is another bad point. People here seem to depend too much on machinery to do their work.

显而易见文章段落中前后左右关键点并不是表明同一难题。前三句详细介绍了环境污染的难题，然后几句则表明人的懒散，导致文章段落的统一性获得毁坏。

２ Traffic accidents have increased in our city recently. What are the main causes? One cause for these accidents is that there are too many buses and trucks. Besides, some drivers pay no attention to traffic rules. They drive after drinking, they talk with passengers while driving, and they rush through crossroads paying no attention to the traffic lights. Now that the students』vacation is coming, a lot of them will go out. At the same time, the Spring Festival is coming soon. So there will be traffic jams in the street. We must do something to avoid more traffic accidents in our city.

此段的主题风格句表明，文章内容详细介绍的应以道路交通事故是怎样提升的。但在段落伍半一部分，创作者继而描绘交通拥堵，所出示的原材料不可以表明主题风格，毁坏了文章段落的统一性。

二、文章段落的衔接性

文章段落的衔接性指文章段落中各句前后左右对接有效、条理清晰、畅达连贯性。它注重語言和逻辑性上的详细。获得连贯性的方法许多 ，如：

（1）依照逻辑性机构原材料，如增长、下降、先后顺序、空间顺序、较为、例举、梳理、演译等。

（2）恰当应用转承语。

（3）运用代词、近义词等，或反复关键字。

至关重要的是：转承语所起的承转对接的功效，表明前后文和前后左右句2个含意中间的关联，协助阅读者紧跟创作者的构思，针对提升文章段落的衔接性是不可或缺的。请读下边一段小短文：

Instant noodles is a kind of good food for home and travelling. It tastes good, （and） is easy to take because it doesn』t need cooking. （So） it can save us a lot of time especially when we are busy or on travels. （Now） let me tell you how to have it. （First） put noodles into a bowl, （and） soup stock as well. （Second）, pour in 500cc boiling water. The water should be over the noodles. （ Then）cover the bowl and keep the noodles covered for three minutes. （Now）, the noodles are ready to be taken. Please have a try for yourself.

根据括弧一部分转承语的应用，文章段落的逻辑性、词意联络、来龙去脉越来越十分一目了然，使全部文章段落连贯性统一。

英文转站承语比较多，一般常见的有：

１ 额外、层递： also, and, and, then, in addition, furthermore, moreover

２ 時间： now, then, before, after, later, soon, next, meanwhile, finally, eventually

３ 较为： like, unlike, similarly, just like, just as, likewise, in the same way

４ 对比： but, still, however, while, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, despite, in spite of

５ 因果关系： because, since, so, consequently, hence, as a result, therefore, thus, because of this

６ 目地： for this purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to

７ 表述： for example, for instance,

８ 汇总： in summary, in conclusion, in short, in brief, that is

９ 妥协： although, though, even though, no matter wh-

三、文章段落的形象性

一个文章段落的长短沒有实际的限定，关键在于文章段落主题风格表述的必须。有的只需简洁明了的一两句，有的则必须大量的关键点适用。但不管哪样状况，一个文章段落的创作务必遵照简约的标准，防止赘述和与主题风格不相干的語言成份。如：

If you are like me, and you really believe that children』s living is important, and that all school experiences should be happy, then go and open your children』s fifth or sixth or seventh or eighth grade English textbook, have a look at it and cry.

此段仅用了44个英语单词就恰当表述了一个详细的观念：假如我与你一样，就要看一下小孩的教材，凝望这种教材，你也就哭吧：小孩压力过重了。

下一段一样不长，却不足简约。反复的「He enjoyed」，及其「took pleasure」的出現使語言看起来负累，拖拖拉拉。

Charles was not a very clever boy. He was good at doing the things that interested him. He enjoyed collecting bird』s eggs. He enjoyed fishing. He enjoyed shooting and he enjoyed long walks with his dogs. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments, and took pleasure in making「all the gases」. His friends called him 「Gas」.

第三节 文章段落的机构方式

文章段落机构的优劣一般有三条规范，即好的观念內容、好的层级分配合好的文本应用。一般觉得：好的观念內容命令人觉得真实有效、生动活泼、有深度；好的层级分配指的是创作內容统一，机构尊重事实，前后左右连贯性，句与句相互之间策应；好的文本应用则指常用的語言恰当、符合习惯性并能传意，具备一定文笔自然更优。另外，撰写端正，要符合标准。

机构文章段落的一般流程：

在下笔以前，花5~十分钟把自己的构思整理一下，紧紧围绕主题风格思索很有可能采用的素材图片。

挑选出最重要的素材图片，把与主题风格没有太大的关系的素材图片果断去除，最好是立个大纲，这将有益于下笔创作。

决策一个和主题风格发展趋势的素材图片适合的阐述方式，即这节和之后几组要探讨的內容。

文章段落的机构方式有按時间、室内空间、构造、逻辑性、全过程的顺序开展表述的次序技巧，还可以应用举例说明、较为和对比、举例论证、梳理、因果关系、逻辑推理、驳论等表达手法。无论应用哪种技巧，文章段落务必听从表述主题风格的必须，根据举例论证、讲理、举个例子和出示相关数据信息的方式，深入论述，清楚地为阅读者呈现你所描述的一件事、一个人，表述的一个状况或一个大道理，解读的一个全过程或表述的一种观点或信心等。

〔例1〕

Ladies and gentlemen,

(1)I』m very glad to welcome you all to our factory.(2)First of all, I wish to say a few words about our factory.(3)It was set up in October, 1986.(4)We spent only fourteen months in finishing building our factory.(5)There are five workshops in our factory and 1250 workers here. most of whom are young people.(6)More than 400 workers have had some college education and more than 800 workers have had middle school education.(7)Our factory mainly produces fertilizers(化肥).(8)In the past few years our factory has advanced rapidly.(9)Now we have raised our output of fertilizers to more than 400 thousand tons a year .(10)The total output value of our factory added up to 100 million yuan last year.

That』s all. Thank you.

(1)导进 (2)主题风格句 (3)客观事实 (4)举例说明 (5)客观事实 (6)客观事实举例说明 (7)客观事实 (8)客观事实 (9)客观事实 (10)末尾句

前文是一则某加工厂详细介绍，它用了实际的原材料作客观事实，详尽的数据信息举例说明，防止了裂缝的修饰词和很多的个人见解和情感表露。此段用客观事实(数据信息、時间、結果等)来机构创作的方式，使闻者非常容易地了解了加工厂。

〔例2〕

(1)Why is the Blue-sky School so popular in our city?(2)The school is well-known for its long history.(3)Its campus is well arranged with trees and flowers here and there, and also with a long passage from the teaching building to the dormitory through the dining hall.(4)The school is well equipped.(5)The teaching buildings, the experiment labs and the language labs, the computer rooms, the library as well as the gymnasium are better than any other schools.(6)But the most important reason is the excellent teachers and teaching results.(7)Most teachers in this school are rich both in knowledge and in experience.(8)They have patience and deep love for the students.(9)As a result, most of its graduates are excellent not only in intelligence but in morality as well, among whom some are now state or city leaders, managers, engineers, writers, teachers, doctors and model workers.(10 )What a good school!

(1)主题风格句 (2)~(5)原因一(自然环境) (6)~(8)原因二(师资力量) (9)原因三(結果) (10)末尾句

这一段落论述了「蓝天学校」为何全省知名的缘故，用了三层面实际的原因来适用主题风格，主题鲜明，让人相信。

〔例3〕

(1)A snake is a strange animal.(2)It walks on its ribs(肋巴骨)and it smells with its tongue.(3)Since its teeth are sharp like needles and not good for chewing, it swallow its food whole. (4)The snake』s jaws can stretch a great deal.(5)Its body, too, can stretch to several times as its normal size.(6)So even a small snake can easily swallow a mouse whole, and a snake just an inch across can gulp(吞)down a young bird three inches across.(7)Such a large meal might last the snake for months.(8)In fact, some snakes have been known to go without eating for as long as two years.

(1)主题风格句(2)~(7)事例(3)理由和結果(6)結果(8)末尾句

本段叙述了蛇——一种奇怪的生物，例举了实际的事例，在其中夹叙了原因，表明其結果。不难看出一个文章段落里通常不仅用一种方式，一种表达方式。

一、先后顺序技巧

先后顺序技巧是按恶性事件产生的顺序构成段或篇的表达手法，即先产生的事儿先写，后产生的事儿后写。这类表达手法常见于说故事、描述历经、详细介绍历史大事件、表述事情发展趋势的全过程、表明科学研究的程序流程、具体指导从业某种主题活动或应用某物件等。

Lunar New Year(农历新春)is quite a great event for the Chinese. Long before it arrives, children look forward to it with great eagerness. Already the markets and stores are beginning to fill up with crowds of people, as according to the custom , all the stores and businesses are usually closed for three to five days during the holidays. Several days before the new year, farmers kill pigs, sheep, cocks and hens, and city-dwellers buy meat, fish and vegetables. Houses are cleaned, couplets(春联)are pasted on the doors. Colourful lanterns are hung at the gates. On the eve of the year, each family has its members gather together to eat a family reunion dinner. After the meal they watch a special program on TV until the clock strikes twelve. Then every family set off long strings of small firecrackers to welcome the new year. On the first day of the new year, almost everyone is dressed in his or her best. When people meet on the streets, they say to each other 「Happy New Year」. Fri ends and relatives pay new year calls and give presents among themselves. Children enjoy themselves in games.

上文叙述了农历新春前后左右的快乐场景，从long before it(the lunar New Year)arrives逐渐，随后是several days before the new year, 然后on the eve of the new year, 在其中又分the meal 前后左右的场景，最终是on the first day of the new year。原文中依照先后顺序叙述，给阅读者理解内容描绘出了一幅清楚栩栩如生的界面，使阅读者留有刻骨铭心的印像。

写好先后顺序的文章段落一样最先要写好主题风格句，随后按事儿产生的次序或流程的依次开展机构表述，因此要学好采用适合的表示时间依次的衔接词，使句与句中间有机化学地联络起來，衔接词就好似润滑液，具有了承前启后的功效，使表述顺序明亮、表述顺畅、当然。

在先后顺序表达手法中，常常应用的時间衔接词和短语有：now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later，at first, at once, at the beginning, at the moment, at the same time, immediately, soon, next, meanwhile, gradually, suddenly, finally, recently及其表明实际的时间状语语句，比如：in January, on Monday, on the morning of, in 1996, in spring, in a few days, in the past five years, one morning, the day before yesterday 等。

二、空间顺序技巧

空间顺序技巧是依照事情或角色的主题活动及所在的室内空间部位开展排序井然有序的机构和表述的技巧。如从左往右，从顶部到底端，由近到远等各种各样当然的次序。这类表达形式常见于描写人物、物和景，大到一个国家、一个中华民族、一座山、一个湖、一现大洋、一艘轮船、一架飞机等，小到一幢房子、一个庭院、一个屋子、一件物件、一张脸等。

这类表达手法可分成静态描写和动态描写。其目地是让阅读者便于恰当地了解所表述的內容。按所表述的人或物相互之间中间的室内空间关联，开展井然有序地分配、机构和描绘。一旦明确了次序的方式，室内空间中的任何人或物都应遵照这一方式，半途不可以随便终止和更改。

In the western suburbs of the city of Jinan, there stands a small village. That is my native place. My native place is full of beauty. A green hill is behind it, and a wide field in front. Around the village, there is a little stream in which fish is swimming to and fro. The most populous part of the village is in the west. There are many stone houses standing among the green trees. In the east of the village there is a temple, which has been used for a primary school. If one stands on the hill, he is sure to see a perfect view of the village.

上文叙述的是自身的故乡，创作者从村后村前和村子周边逐渐描述，进而从村西到村东的叙述，给阅读者呈现了一幅清楚而美丽的家乡绘画。原文中应用了很多部位衔接词和词语，使全篇顺畅畅达。

从上边小短文中大家见到要写一个精准清楚的叙述室内空间方向和部位的文章段落应当具有：

(1)好的主题风格句；

(2)室内空间、部位的清楚、井然有序的机构；

(3)适合的表明室内空间和部位的衔接词和词语。

表明室内空间和部位的常见衔接词句有：

near, near to, close to, far, far from, in front of, beyond, above, to the right/left, in/to the east of, around, surrounding, on the side, on the other side, inside, outside , alongside, over, throughout, towards, in the middle, in the centre, at the top, at the foot, at the bottom, at the edge, at the end of, across, on the opposite of, leading to等。

三、较为对比技巧

较为对比技巧是将2个或大量的类似相仿的人或物，根据较为和对比表明其差别及类似的艺术手法，其目地是表明该事情和角色的特性或特点。严苛地说，较为是强调相同种类的两个人(或大量人)或两物(或大量物)的相同之处，而对比则强调他们的不同之处。殊不知，在具体表述时，较为和对比通常另外应用。

对事情和角色来做比较对比时要留意的是：只有就类似的人或物开展较为，例如把现如今中国和中国近代较为，而不可以与电子计算机较为。事情中间在逻辑性上难以配搭的较为称作比较，如人生道路和江河，彼此之间显著不一样，仅仅比较其相似度。

Today, women』s life is much better than ever before. In the past women couldn』t get a job. They could only stay at home to take care of babies. But now women can get jobs easily and they can do any work as men do. In cities, all girls can go to school, and even in the countryside many girls can go to school, too.

Now, people cherish girls as much as boys. They say girls and boys are the same. In their homes, husbands also do housework.

People often say, 「Women hold up half of the sky.」In fact, women play a very important role in today』s society.

I believe that one day, there will be a woman president in China.

文章内容探讨了现如今一个热门话题——现代社会女性的影响力。创作者应用了新旧社会比照的技巧，而且引入很多俗话，使文章内容严肃认真而不缺栩栩如生。但若能将第一段按段，再实际刻骨铭心些也许会更好。

My hometown is quite different from what it used to be. Just a little more than ten years ago my hometown was a small quiet place. The houses were small and mean(简单的). The streets were for the most part narrow and winding(曲曲弯弯). There were few people in the streets and shops. Now, everything has changed. Looking in every direction from the centre of the town, one sees a long succession of giant, imposing buildings. The streets, whether long or short, are straight, spacious, and well-shaded. Crowds of people can be found here and there, hurrying, noisy, and well-dressed. From a dull little village with clusters of shabby houses in the past, my hometown has now transformed into a big city, cheerful, colourful, bustling and prosperous.

前文的第一句是主题风格句，表明此段的想法为「故乡今昔之别」，从第二句逐渐阐述了十年前的故乡旧貌，「小而简单的房屋」、「窄而弯折的街道社区」、「大街上和店面里稀缺的大家」；而然后展现了今日的景色：「宏大、壮阔的大量房子」、「宽敞、挺直而齐整的街道社区」、「繁忙、服装得当的人头攒动的群体」。根据建筑、街道社区和大家的较为对比，呈现了今昔故乡的前所未有的巨大改变。文中是根据阐述旧貌重现新面貌的技巧。

要写好较为和对比，最先一样要机构好主题风格句。写拓展句前先要考虑到如何机构好较为和对比，较为和对比是一种思维逻辑的编码序列，思索机构较为和对比的层面，为了更好地突显较为和对比的实际效果，应用好衔接词一样十分关键。

表明较为对比的常见衔接词有： differ from, equal, contrast with, similarly, however, in the same way, on the other hand, on the contrary, both... and, but, and... too, one ... the other, while, whereas, just like, likewise, in spite of, even though, instead 等。

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