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一，Steel thyself 锻练自身，突破自我
Unlike expository writing that explains something in great detail, persuasive writing postulates at length on a specific subject. It claims to be the last word on the subject, or the first defensible one. The goal of the writer and the purpose of his paper is not to inform another person's mind; it is to change a person's mind. However, a writer's assertion of final authority can run up against a reader's assertion to the contrary. Therefore, persuasive writers should expect push-back.
论说文不象说明文，说明文表述详尽，论说文则以充份的篇数探讨特殊主题风格、发布强有力的汇总，或首先提出异议。论说文的目地并不是表明新闻资讯，只是更改别人的念头。殊不知，因为创作者的最后认为很有可能与阅读者牴触，因而阅读者很有可能反跳。
If you are a shrinking violet, persuasive writing is not your garden. Persuasive writers do not mince words. They write using confident, charismatic phraseology that speaks with unqualified authority. Some readers are likely to respond in kind (even professors, who nonetheless should grade a paper on its merits rather than its conclusion) and a writer should not be intimidated by it. Rather, he should inoculate himself in advance by expecting scholarly disagreement.
假如你天性羞涩，论说文就不是你主要表现的演出舞台。写论说文时不可以支支吾吾，遣词汉字应当填满信心与风采，语气威势。若碰到阅读者以眼还眼（专家教授也很有可能这般，但是专家教授应当依据文章得分，不可只看结果），你不能从此胆怯，应当事前心态调整，提前准备应对不一样的学术研究建议。
The same high level of professionalism is demanded of every writer, whatever the purpose of his paper. Yet a paper that argues it represents prototypical thinking carries the extra burden of being potentially controversial. Its argumentation could ignite additional scholarly argumentation. Therefore, a persuasive writer should prepare his paper with meticulous care and also prepare himself against strong responses that seldom come to writers of straight-forward exposition.
不管创作哪种学术研究文章内容，都应当呈现一样的学术研究技术专业，殊不知一篇文章假如声称自身的论述具备象征性，就附加多了引起争议，其论述很有可能引起大量的学术研究论述。因而，创作论说文时，应尤其细心慎重，并自身锻练，以便遭遇直接了当的说明文不容易造成的明显反跳。
二，Believe 宣称信心
More so than some writing projects, persuasive papers must be grounded in conviction. That is, having academic interest in a subject is not sufficient commitment to a written argument, if convincing a reader is the goal. A persuasive writer must believe a thesis to be true, because some readers surely will not. Merely striking a supportive stance—posturing, in a word—is not persuasive, because insincerity inevitably leaks through to undermine any points being made.
相比于一般的文章内容，论说文更重视真实度。假如要写论说文说动阅读者，只是对主题风格抱持学术研究兴趣爱好还不够；文章内容要有感染力，创作者务必信仰自身的论点论据，由于一些阅读者必定有不一样建议。只在观点上完全同意（也就是表态发言）没法叫人相信，由于心口不一的心态通常会在文章内容中流露出来，消弱各种各样论点论据的力度。
So the required mindset is belief. You must openly believe what you are espousing in a persuasive paper. This is difficult for some writers, who have been taught the virtue of objectivity and academic distance in their expository writing. While emotional appeals are not appropriate, fervent factual espousal of a doctrine, policy, or finding is absolutely OK. Stridency can be a turnoff, but resolute testimony is not. Do not be of two minds about your subject.
因此心态上一定要满怀信心，在写论说文时公布对拥戴的论点论据表述信心。这对有的人而言并不易，由于她们受到写说明文的训炼，信仰客观性与学术研究间距。虽然诉诸于感情并不适当，但依据客观事实，殷切拥戴一项现实主义、现行政策或发觉，则无关紧要。尖酸刻薄令人退避三舍，但坚定不移的申明不容易引起反感。你对主题风格的观点不可以犹豫不定。
Having and expressing convictions in a paper should not be a stretch for a serious academic writer. After all, you are immersing yourself in academics precisely because you appreciate the power of the mind. Papers written to persuade bring all of that power to bear including the considerable energy unleashed by imagination and fresh thinking. Combined with courage, these intellectual assets are the tools for changing the world, one mind at a time. Believe you can.
对用心的专家学者而言，在文章内容中呈现自信心应当不会太难，毕竟你牺牲学术研究，恰好是由于你懂思维的能量。论说文恰好是用于呈现思维的能量，包含由创造力与全新逻辑思维释放出来的强劲动能。这种聪慧假如能融合胆量，就能用于慢慢改变命运。要坚信自己做得到。
三，Be rational, not emotional 保持理性，回绝理性
Persuasive writing is neither art nor science, but it is a step beyond simple argument. Arguments typically are loud affairs with more heat than light generated on both sides. Persuasive writing eschews all that in favor of reason, logic, and concentrated communication. Nowhere in the formula is there resort to emotion. Fervor is acceptable, even passion, but the strong feelings are dispassionately structured in a way that culminates in, it is hoped, an indisputable conclusion.
编写论说文既并不是一门造型艺术，也不是一门科学研究，这类创作超过一般争执。争执一般 很猛烈，而且彼此最终通常难有结论。论说文的编写则绕开这类激辩，代之以客观、逻辑性，探讨围绕中心思想，创作方式都不诉诸于感情。尽管能够接纳激情、乃至是热情，但会理智地机构、表述明显的体会，以求归结为出毋庸置疑的结果。
The persuasive writer is first of all a thinker. All academic writers draw upon intellect, of course, but to really persuade, a writer calls both upon raw knowledge and informed opinion. This comes together in something called reason. To be rational—that is , to ground an argument in reason—is to assert truths while defending against untruths. A persuasive academic paper introduces a premise with sound reasoning at the same time it anticipates and rebuts counterarguments.
创作论说文前，理应要明白思索。自然，全部的学术研究文学家在创作时都必须应用自身的才情，但要真实具有感染力，就得另外运用初始专业知识及其根据靠谱材料来源于所做出的看法。综合性此二项要素即是客观。论述要有效，亦即以客观为基本来明确提出论点论据，创作者就得拥戴真知，另外抵挡不实之言。学术研究文章内容要有感染力，务必依据有效的推理明确提出假定，另外也可以想到抵制建议并做出辩驳。
Before the writing, then, comes the thinking. There can be no holes in it. Writers who lightly survey an issue or perform slipshod research are guilty of hubris. Compelling words will not persuade unless grounded in rational evidence. Without such evidence, a paper lacks intellectual standing. It is a mere popular pamphlet, rather than a treatise. Persuasive writers challenge convention. If they want others to support them, they must rationally support themselves.
因而创作前务必先思考文章内容很有可能的系统漏洞，若创作者对议案调研不够或科学研究轻率，就犯了高傲的问题。仅有以有效的直接证据为基本，文本描述才具备感染力。欠缺直接证据的文章内容在理性上面毫无根据，那样的文章内容只是是市井生活小册，而非专业阐述。论说文的创作者挑戰基本，假如期待得到别人适用，自身的论点论据得先有客观适用。
四，Give proximate support to key points 竭尽全力适用文章内容论点论据
Persuasion is not a function of volume. That is, he who speaks the loudest is not necessarily the most persuasive. While a loud would-be persuader commands attention, he does not usually command respect. Nor does his noise penetrate much beyond the ears to the heart and mind of those listening. In persuasive writing, the same principles apply: Success comes not in what you say, or how “loudly” or strenuously you say it; it comes in effectively supporting what you say.
要说动他人，并不是仅有高声就行。讲话最高声的，不一定便是最有感染力的人。当一个人提高音量，妄图造成别人留意时，他的个人行为一般 不容易获得他人的重视，而他常说得话也不过是耳旁风，没法说到闻者的心窝子里。同样的标准也适用编写论说文：创作取得成功的因素不取决于文章，也不是写的多「高声」或歇斯底里就可以了，只是要能充足支持你的论点论据。
A fundamental principle to follow in writing a persuasive paper is to support essential points in proximity to the points. What too often happens is that a writer makes a point and then pivots away to declare another truth, eager to reveal his full argument without interruption. Yet writers don't have to worry about being interrupted. They need only hold a reader's attention. When they spin away too fast, even to a parallel thought, they forfeit the chance to make a point indelible.
编写论说文时，所应遵照的基本准则为竭尽全力适用文章内容论点论据。创作普遍的一个不正确，便是在明确提出论点论据后，立刻偏移主题风格明确提出下一个论述，急着一口气列举全部的论点论据。实际上并不一定担忧写作间断，只是要吸引住阅读者的专注力。假如写作过急，就算是对仗的构造也会丧失论点论据令人留有挥之不去印像的机遇。
It makes great sense sometimes to summarize the various points of an argument right up front, and then to summarize them again near the end. Yet in the body of the paper, the significant points stand along and each should be buttressed with evidence of its correctness . Often the weakest point needs the most supporting evidence to offset its intrinsic weakness. By supporting each point immediately after making it, readers will more likely be persuaded, one point at a time.
有一个非常好的编写方法，文章内容一开始即包揽各论点论据，随后在文尾再度汇总。但以内文一部分得各自阐述每个关键，另外加上事实论据，证实创作者观点的准确性。较弱的论点论据一般 必须最具感染力的论述适用，以填补论点论据自身的不够。假若在明确提出论点论据后马上明确提出适用论述，将更非常容易逐点说动阅读者。
五，Anticipate and address objections 对反过来论点论据的预测分析和解决
Knowing your argument and solidly making and supporting it are absolutely essential to successful persuasive writing. A writer cannot persuade another of something if the writer doesn't believe it himself or doesn't provide good reasons for his belief. Yet it is almost as important to understand an opposing position and to be able to express it in the course of disputing it. This is known as “straw man” rhetoric and if handled deftly can serve to buttress the writer's position.
掌握并踏踏实实地支持你的论点论据，针对编写取得成功的论说文来讲是必不可少的。假如创作者自己也不坚信自己的叫法，或是是没法出示好的原因来让人相信，那样的创作可没法说动别人。另一方面，针对创作一样关键的是能掌握反方建议，并取得成功地在论证过程中明确提出抵制建议。这就是「草人修辞方法」（straw man rhetoric)，假如解决恰当，能代创作者的论点论据大大加分许多。
For example, if a writer's position is that the sun rises in the east, he must acknowledge that some believe it rises in the west. He should state the opposing view without sarcasm or other pejorative language. To do otherwise is disrespectful and diminishes the writer's own standing in the eyes of a reader. However, having given the alternate view, the writer then can pick it apart using whatever tools he has at his disposal—contrary evidence, witness testimony, scientific reports.
比如：假如一位创作者的论点论据是「太阳光自东面冉冉升起」，这名创作者也得了解有些人觉得太阳光自西面冉冉升起。因此在创作的另外，他应当以没有讥讽或鄙夷的语调，来阐述反过来论点论据。如果不那么做，创作者等因此犯了不尊的问题，也减少了自身的论点论据吸引住阅读者专注力的机遇。但是，在明确提出反过来论点论据的另外，创作者有权利挑选选用一切方法──如引证反过来直接证据、亲眼目睹证言、科学研究汇报等──来反驳背面建议。
If the stature of an opposing argument is reduced this way, two goals are reached. First, the weakness of the opposing argument is exposed at the same time the strength of the writer's position is highlighted. Two birds… one stone. Second, by anticipating and addressing objections, blowback is minimized. Opponents cannot effectively respond using rationale the writer has already addressed. They must come up with new arguments. That's effective persuasive writing.
运用这类艺术手法来变弱反过来论点论据的幅度，会做到2个总体目标。最先，在显现出反方论点论据的缺点时，也另外注重了创作者论点论据的幅度。这但是投一石…得二鸟呢。此外，对抵制建议做出预测分析和解决，能将抵制的撞击力降至最少，促使敌人没法合理地运用早已被明确提出的背面事实论据，务必明确提出新的叫法。这就是强有力的论说文创作。
六，Finish with energy 不断锲而不舍地适用论点论据
Argumentative writing is, almost by definition, energetic. More so than some academic papers, it is not in tone or substance a laid-back exercise in writing. While presentation of the subject must be logical and methodical and be constrained by the rules of academic discourse, the writing nevertheless must have an underlying intensity to it. After all, the object is to persuade someone to embrace a conclusion advanced by the writer and this cannot be done without expending effort.
编写论说文（argumntative writing） 就如字面上上的意思，务必够力（energetic）。和一些期刊论文不一样的是，论说文在语调或本质上面并不是洒脱的创作。尽管详细介绍主题风格务必尊重事实、条理清晰并恪守标准，但创作內容仍须具有本质抗压强度。终究文章内容的总体目标是说动阅读者接纳创作者明确提出的论点论据，而这并不是随便就能保证的。
So it is important to stay resolutely on point with an argument and to not exhaust support for the argument before the paper's end. A race horse can run a magnificent race and be far ahead in the final turn and still lose the race because of poor pacing . Similarly, an argumentative paper must still be strong in substance and surprising in presentation right up through its conclusive paragraphs. Having the last word in an “argument” requires planning and intellectual stamina.
因而，咬紧主题风格十分关键，并得要全篇适用论点论据。这如同报名参加盛大游戏的赛马比赛一样，一路保持领跑的马，在最终很有可能還是因步伐难题而输掉赛事。一样地，论说文务必全篇保持强有力內容和欲死欲仙的展现技巧。而保持文章内容的「argument」（论点论据）则务必方案详细且维持一贯的幅度。
“Energy” is an elusive quality in a persuasive paper. It has nothing to do with the number of words used in the paper, nor to the brashness of a viewpoint. Rather, an energetic argumentative paper is a focused one. It is unremitting in making the case for a point of view. It is not marred by tangential, distracting passages. It is lean and purposeful. While it is courteous in its language, it is makes no attempt to disguise its rejection of opposing views. And it is that way clear to the end.
「energy」是批评特性的文章内容中难以理解的一个定义。文章内容的幅度与篇幅或见解的直接水平不相干。反过来地，强有力的文章内容是集中化的，能不断锲而不舍地重述论点论据，不会受到周围或别的分散化聚焦点的定义危害。文章内容论点论据务必一致且具针对性。保持文本谦虚的另外，都不应掩藏对反过来建议的革除。而这恰好是保持全篇论点论据一致的不二法门。
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