如何写abstract？_APA、MLA格式Essay参考文献写法

• 1 　一、 引用文献的文件格式
  • 1.1 1 原文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)
  • 1.2 2 论文脚注(Footnotes)
  • 1.3 3. 尾注(Endnotes)
• 2 　二、 论文参考文献(Bibliography)

　一、 引用文献的文件格式

引用文献的文件格式可选用原文中夹注、脚注和尾注的方式。MLA和APA文件格式不选用论文脚注或尾注，而应用原文中夹注的方式，MLA文件格式规定标出创作者的姓和页码，他们中间沒有分号。APA规定括弧里标出作者姓名、出版发行日期，引用文献的别的信息内容可在论文参考文献中寻找。

1 原文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)

1)引用文献较短时间，要用双引号括起來，引用文献与文章正文融为一体。假如创作者已在原文中出現，注解中就已不列创作者的姓名。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)

2)当引用文献较长时(四行或超出四行)，引用文献要另起一段，缩近五个空格符，无需冒号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).

3)好几个创作者在第二次被提及时能用第一个创作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).

4)引用文献是汉语翻译原材料时要标明最开始出版发行時间和汉语翻译時间。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967)：204)

2 论文脚注(Footnotes)

论文脚注写在该页最终一行下边数四行的部位。假如该页有两个之上的论文脚注，论文脚注中间必须逐行。在文章正文中的引述(立即或间接性)处的上边标上阿拉伯数，论文脚注也标上相对的数据。注解要包含作者姓名、小说名字、出版发行地、出版社出版、出版发行時间及页数。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts-a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text-and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3. 尾注(Endnotes)

尾注要另起一页，放到该章的最后一页，标出来Notes,逐行复印。引述处的上边要标上阿拉伯数，尾注也一样标明相对的数据。

Notes

1. Emily Bronte(Ellis Bell, pseud.), Wuthering Heights(London, 1850).

2. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28(1979):22.

　二、 论文参考文献(Bibliography)

APA文件格式提议应用references一词。当应用references时，列举的创作者和著作一定是在原文中提及过的。Bibliography可包含原文中提及的创作者或著作，也包含有关的阅读文章的原材料。MLA方式规定用List of Works Cited。

论文参考文献的内容要按字母顺序排序，无需阿拉伯数标识。逐行复印。每一个内容要从左逐渐，同为一个创作者时，后边两行要缩近三个空格符。

书目地书写包含四项：创作者、日期、小说名字和出版社出版。创作者项里先写成创作者的姓，姓名用首写，名和姓间用分号分隔。假如超出2个创作者，最后一个创作者前要&，全部的创作者的姓和名都需要错乱。

APA方式把日期放到名后，其前后左右都是有句点。小说名字的第一个英文字母要英文大写，用斜体字或下横线。如果有副标题，用灶具把大题目和副标题分隔。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包含这四项，仅仅次序不一样。它的時间放到后边。当有两个之上的创作者时，只错乱第一个创作者的姓名。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在标明杂志期刊或刊物时，标明年月，年在前，月后面，由分号分隔。月份规定会拼。题目的第一个英文字母要英文大写，用单引号。也要出示实际的页码。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press. (毕业论文集中化的一篇)

MLA方式规定题目的全部词的首字母大写。

摘引报刊：

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1(MLA文件格式)