essay reference格式是什么？1500字APA格式essay写作指南

APA文件格式做为外国大学essay创作中较为普遍的一种文献格式，对大家出国留学新生儿而言碰到一些好几百字的short essay能够无需写reference，而碰到超出1500字的essay一般来说便会有相对的reference list内容总数规定，这就必须大伙儿依据APA文件格式创作标准来撰写reference. 下面文化教育我来讨论一下APA文件格式中普遍的经典著作和毕业论文的原文中夹注与论文参考文献的书写：

1. Books 经典著作

1) Book with one author (一位创作者的经典著作）

Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）

Rosenthal (1987) has argued that …or … this is significant (Rosenthal, 1987).
If the author’s name is not in the text, include it in the parentheses.

J. Sandemose has discussed this in his biography (2004, pp.522-552).
It is recommended to include the page number (or chapter) in addition to the year when paraphrasing or referring to a passage. This is optional.

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Sandemose, J. (2004). Aksel Sandemose: A biography. Oslo: Aschehoug.

2) Book with two to seven authors （2到7位创作者的经典著作）

Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）

Beck and Sales (2001 ) here establish a new theory.
or A new theory is established here (Beck & Sales, 2001).
In all subsequent citations to books with two authors, repeat both names and year.

This is also analysed in terms of theories of aesthetics (Carlsen,Nielsen, & Rasmussen, 2001).
With 3-5 authors, write all names in the first citation. In subsequent citations write only the first author’s surname followed by et al. (et al. = “and others”.) With 6 or more authors,cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. in allcitations. The year is included in all citations, e.g.(Carlsen et al., 2001).

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation:Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Carlsen, M. S., Nielsen, K. G., & Rasmussen, K. S. (2001). Deleuze’s philosophy. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.
All authors’ names (up to 7) are written in the bibliography.
（八位创作者之上的状况较为罕见，有得话提议大伙儿尽可能绕开~）

3) Chapter in book with editor （选集中的章节目录）

Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）
There are, as Sleeter (1995) has proven, large variations.
The in-text citation refers to the author of the chapter.

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
Sleeter, C. E. (1995). Radical structuralist perspectives and learning disabilities. In T. M. Skrtic (Ed.), Disability and democracy:Reconstructing(special) education for postmodernity (pp. 153-165). New York : Teachers College.
Chapter author and chapter title are written first, then the editor(s),book title (in italics), and chapter page numbers (in parentheses).The reference to the book begins with “In”.

1. Articles 毕业论文

1) Article with one author （一位创作者的毕业论文）
Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）
From printed journal without DOI (Digital Object Identifier): 
沒有数据目标标志符的出版发行刊物
According to Friscolanti, we are entering “a new age of hybrid tanks… and biogenerators that transform trash into power” (2009, p. 35).
Write … in a quote if words are excluded. Write the page number of the quote.

From online journal without DOI: 
沒有数据目标标志符的互联网刊物
Skull fractures caused by golf balls can inflict brain damage in young children (Steinbok, 2008).

From journal (printed or online) with DOI: 
有数据目标标志符的出版发行或互联网刊物
Since 1970 the number of children who have received the diagnosis autism has tripled(Safran, 2008, p. 92). “The term autism has undergone a complete transformation since the 1940’s” writes psychologist S. P. Safran (ibid., p.90).
When there are several citations to the same source,“ibid.” can be used. Include the pagenumber of the quote.

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
From printed journal without DOI(Digital Object Identifier): 
Friscolanti, M. (2009). Lean, green war machine. Maclean’s, 121(51),35-36.
The title of the journal (not the article) is in italics. Volume in italics. Issue in parentheses, and not in italics. Write page number(s) for the entire article.

From online journal without DOI:
Steinbok, P. (2008). Operative management of growing skull fractures. Child’s Nervous System, 24(5), 605-607. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com
Write complete URL if content is freely available (open access).Write URL of the journal’s home page if available by subscription (this example).

From journal (printed or online) with DOI:
Safran, S. P. (2008). Why youngsters with autistic spectrum disorders remain underrepresented in special education.
Remedial and Special Education, 29(2), 90- 95. doi:10.1177/0741932507311637
Do not write the name of the database or URL because the DOI is a specific identifier and link to content when written in the address line of a browser or in a doiresolver.

2) Article with several authors 有多名创作者的毕业论文
Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）
Articles with two authors: 有俩位创作者的毕业论文
Write both names in all citations. 
The study shows that men do more housework after they become fathers (Deutsch, Lussier, & Servis, 1993, p. 116).

Articles with 3-5 authors: 有3-5位创作者的毕业论文
Write all names in the first citation. In the next citation to the same article, name only the first author followed by et al. and year. Page number is optional, but recommended.

Articles with more than five authors: 有五位之上创作者的毕业论文
Write only the first author followed by et al. and the year, for all citations.

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
The title of the journal (not the article) in italics.
Deutsch, F. M., Lussier, J. B., & Servis, L. J. (1993).Husbands at home. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 115- 117.
For articles with up to six authors, write all names. For articles with seven or more authors, write the first six names followed by … and then the last author’s name. (This example shows an article from a printed journal without DOI.)

3) Newspaper article 报刊文章内容
Reference citation in text （原文中夹注）
Printed newspaper: 出版发行的报刊
Obesity has a direct correlation, not only to heart disease and cancer, but also to poverty (Schwartz, 2005).

Online newspaper: 互联网报刊
The economic crisis in the USA strengthens Obama’s chances of winning the presidential election (Nagourney & Bumiller, 2008).

In bibliography （论文参考文献）
newspaper: 出版发行的报刊
Schwartz, J. (2005, September 30). Obesity affects economic,social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A5.
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.

Online newspaper:互联网报刊
Nagourney, A., & Bumiller, E. (2008, September 25). McCainleaps into a thicket. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

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