proposal怎么写?长文解析怎么写Proposal

Proposal一般 用以申请博士和论文,因为近期针对Proposal代笔要求提升,要来是多留学人员针对论文的proposal(论文开题报告)很烦恼,不清楚怎样要怎么写,那麼文中paperdaixie.com我就为大伙儿相赠比较详尽的写作教程。

Proposal怎么写

简易而言,proposal便是dissertation创作的演练,实际包括下列一部分:

● Introduction(介绍)

● Problem Statement(难题阐述)

● Objective(目地)

● Literature Review(参考文献)

● Methodology(研究思路)

● References(论文参考文献)

下面大家就按序详细介绍这好多个一部分是啥及其怎样写好文章。

1. Introduction(介绍)

Introduction这一一部分相对性简易,你只必须表明下列好多个难题:

你的研究领域是啥?

你为何要挑选这一行业?

你的科学研究对这一行业有多关键?

最终很有可能还必须叙述这一行业的一些基本事实,这儿你需要转述别的科学研究工作人员的成效。

2. Problem Statement(难题阐述)

详细介绍完你的研究领域之后,如今必须叙述在研究领域中你需要处理的实际难题,但是你不能上去便说难题是啥。

下边大家用一个案例来表明:

The importance of developing a constraint-free and reliable workplan has long been recognized by the industry.(业内早就了解到制订无限制且靠谱的工作规划的必要性。)

在这个问题阐述中,创作者并沒有上去先表明难题,只是先毫无疑问了某一目标在研究领域内的必要性:

However, numerous construction projects are still plagued by delays and cost overruns, which can frequently be traced to ineffective identification and treatment ofconstraints.(可是,很多项目建设依然遭受耽误和成本费超预算的困惑,这常常能够上溯对管束的失效鉴别和解决)

随后话头一转,表明难题依然沒有获得处理:

In summary, thereis a need for a better understanding of constraints in construction and astructured approach in identifying and modeling constraints to ensure aconstraint-free work plan.(总得来说,必须能够更好地了解施工现场的限定要素并明确和模型管束的结构型方式,以保证过来人的工作规划。)

随后从两层面描述了难题存有的缘故,再描述学界长期以来对这个问题的见解,进而顺理成章的引出来待处理的难题。

有时,大家还可以适度的把难题细化,把难题分为几个,更清楚。

 Objective(目的)

3. Objective(目地)

表明了待处理的难题,大家也要描述大家的目地,目地完成后会达到哪些情况、造成什么好处、处理什么问题?

一样以事例来表明:

The long term goal of the research is to develop a formalizedconstraint management system. Constraint management is defined herein asthe process of identifying, classifying, modeling, and resolving constraints.The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review ofliteratures and industry practices in relation to constraint analysis andoutline a conceptual framework for constraint management. Particularly, thestudy has the following sub-objectives: 

To provide a comprehensive review of sources and characteristicsof constraints typically found in construction projects;

To develop a constraint classification method for easier constraintidentification and modeling;

To review current industry practices and researches in regards toconstraint modeling;

To outline a conceptual framework for total constraint management.

The result of this study will be valuable to the industry practitioners as wellas related software providers in developing better practice and tools forconstraint management and look-ahead scheduling.

创作者在这儿起先描述了科学研究的长期性总体目标,这一步学生们有则写,沒有得话就忽略。

随后还对在其中涉及到的专业名词开展了表述,:

Constraint management is defined herein asthe process of identifying, classifying, modeling, and resolving constraints.(管束管理方法在这里界定为 鉴别,归类,模型和处理管束的全过程。

然后描述科学研究目地:

The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review ofliteratures and industry practices in relation to constraint analysis andoutline a conceptual framework for constraint management.(本科学研究的目地是出示相关管束剖析的参考文献和领域实践活动的全方位具体描述,并简述管束管理的概念架构。)

这儿创作者也将全部目地分为了好多个子目标,学生们一样能够效仿,最终别忘记表明难题获得处理后会如何。

4. Literature Review(参考文献)

参考文献,说白了便是对此前的相关科学研究做一个引言,她们的科学研究针对难题的处理是不是有协助?

一样,以一个事例而言:

A preliminary literature review shows that past studies are primarilyfocused on understanding and modeling a particular type of constraint, suchas technological, contractual, resource, spatial, and information constraints.Limited progress has been made on classifying various constraintsaccording to their characteristics in a comprehensive manner. In terms ofmodeling and resolving constraints, various approaches have beenrecommended. For example, many CPM-based methods are applied to dealwith time-related constraints; knowledge-based systems were used toautomate work plan generation; network-based optimization algorithmswere developed to resolve constraints; and databases and visualizationtechniques, such as 三维, 5D, and Virtual Reality (VR), are used tocommunicate and visualize constraints. What is missing from the paststudies is a comprehensive and structured approach in managing constraints.

创作者一上去就对之前的参考文献开展了简述,随后还例举出了一些实际的方式,这种全是大家必须做的。

但关键的是后边,由于参考文献的目地不仅是对某一特殊主题风格的很多期刊文章和书本开展简述,更关键的是掌握早已对该主题风格开展了什么科学研究,随后找到在其中不曾获得处理或是方式不健全的难题,大家的论文选题恰好是这种不曾处理的难题。

如同事例中的一样,创作者表明之前的科学研究缺乏的是一种综合性的方式,这与以前的难题阐述一部分产生对比。

What is missing from the past studies is a comprehensive and structured approach in managing constraints in construction projects.(以往的科学研究缺乏的是一种用以管理方法工程项目管束的综合性,结构型的方式。)

最终,参考文献的难题非常复杂,事后大家会为大伙儿相赠Literature Review一部分的写作方法,热烈欢迎大伙儿不断关心大家。

Literature Review写作

5. Methodology(研究思路)

留意在研究思路一部分,大家并不是抽象性的表明定性分析法還是定量分析法的难题,只是要表明实际的方式和流程。

還是同一篇proposal为例子:

The primary research method for this study is literature review andconceptual modeling. Constraint identification and classification through astructured approach is the very first step toward a “zero-constraint”environment. This study will first review various types of constraints inconstruction and their characteristics. Based on this understanding, aclassification method will be developed to categorize constraint factors forthe purpose of constraint identification and modeling. In the second stage ofthis study, existing constraint modeling methods will be identified based ona comprehensive review of current industry practices and academicresearches. Finally, once the constraint classification and modelingtechniques are identified, a conceptual framework for total constraintmanagement will be outlined. This study will be conducted betweenSeptember 2010 and May 2011.

创作者先简述了全部科学研究选用的方式:literature review and conceptual modeling(参考文献和定义模型)。随后分了三个环节来描述试验全过程,这儿我们可以依据必须分为不一样个流程描述。

研究思路一部分因为毕业论文的不一样,方式较为多元化,例如牵涉到样版数据信息的科学研究,大家还必须描述样版、数据采集及其数据统计分析程序流程的难题。提议大伙儿参照选用同样方式的参考文献,看一下在其中的实验方法牵涉到什么流程。

此外,视状况不一样,有时这儿必须写上实际的日程安排。有关methodology的写作技巧,大伙儿能够参照前文:Dissertation Methodology要怎么写

6. References(论文参考文献)

论文参考文献一部分,也是整篇文章proposal非常简单的一个一部分,大伙儿只需将在其中提及的参考文献放进去就可以,引用格式一般全是Harvard文件格式,有关Harvard文件格式大家也会在后面的文章内容详说。

最终,在proposal的创作全过程中,大伙儿一定!一定!一定!要和自身的老师多开展沟通交流,尤其是论文选题一部分,能够资询老师topic是不是适合。自然还可以挑选大家的proposal代笔服务项目,技术专业更有确保,安全性更为靠谱。

老师做为研究领域内的权威专家,针对某一topic的实际操作性远远地要比大家掌握的精确。一些拿不定的难题,一样还可以了解,例如是不是需放日程安排,总而言之多沟通交流,那样才可以确保自始至终顺着恰当的方位走。

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