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生物科学情况的创作者易犯的英语语法不正确类型多种多样。这种创作者们犯错误的缘故通常是由于英文并不是她们的第一語言,因而对英文的触碰比较比较有限。论文撰写原是一项巨大的每日任务,而語言难题经常变成撰写的阻碍。创作而且论文发表对学者来讲极其重要,但毕业论文稿子中如果有語言或语法不正确,就很有可能遭受科学期刊撤稿。根据大家的工作经验,在这里列举十项生物科学类毕业论文创作者易犯的语法不正确。在下述內容中,大家将以案例诠释这种不正确。
第一项:冠词
英语中国共产党有三个冠词(a、an,和the)。这三个冠词分为两大类:不定冠词(a、an)和定冠词(the)。决策恰当的冠词一般 非常繁杂。先区别定冠词和不定冠词后,还须按照后边所接专有名词的音标发音,并非贴法,来挑选最适当的不定冠词。
创作者易犯的不正确之一便是在列举一串词句或专有名词片语时,在每一个词以前都反复再加上定冠词(the)。
在一长串必须定冠词的专有名词片语中,要是在第一个词句以前再加上定冠词,后边所有的词语都无须再加冠词。
案例:
不正确的使用方法: We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency, the composition of sounds and the sequence complexity.
恰当的使用方法:We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency, sound composition, and sequence complexity.
不正确的使用方法: No effects were observed on the cell growth, the cell proliferation, the cell cycle distribution, and the gene expression.
恰当的使用方法:No effects were observed on the cell growth, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and gene expression .
第二项:应用连字号
连字号在创作时有多种多样作用。它会被应用的地区还许多,如:带有标值或企业的修饰语(比如5-g dose)、详细拼成的成绩(比如two-third part of this area)、后半段带有如今或过去分词的复合型修饰语(比如seizure-inducing drugs),它也能用来防止英文字母反复导致的视觉效果搞混(比如meta-analysis)。
殊不知,创作者们常常在多余的状况下应用连字号,因此导致不正确。例举一部分不正确以下:
当拉丁文片语做为修饰词的情况下(比如in vitro test and post hoc hypothesis),则不应该应用连字号。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in-vitro transcription and translation.
恰当的使用方法:A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in vitro transcription and translation.
科学研究专业术语,如作为修饰语的英文字母,连字号只应用在当专业术语作为修饰词片语时。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:The majority of T-cells bear the T-cell receptor (TCR) which recognizes foreign antigen peptides.
恰当的使用方法:The majority of T cells bear the T-cell receptor (TCR) which recognizes foreign antigen peptides .
第三项:语态
语法上,语态是用于表示时间,一般 应用特殊的动词形式。在同一句中,动词时态应保持一致。语态前后左右不一致是一项普遍的不正确。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks is higher than 0.4.
恰当的使用方法:The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks was higher than 0.4.
不正确的使用方法:We mapped the 3-kb transcript of the locus and had determined that it contains four exons and two introns.
恰当的使用方法:We mapped the3-kb transcript of the locus and determined that it contains four exons and two introns.
第四项:平行结构
平行结构就是指以同样的文本特性表明2个或2个之上的定义同样关键。此构造可应用于一个字、片语或子句,常以对等连词「and」或「or」联接构成。
它是学者普遍的不正确种类之一。在平行结构中,专有名词需配搭专有名词、介系词片语配介系词片语、词性标注配词性标注、不定词配不定词,且子句配子句。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:The sbcC gene was cloned, mapped, and sequencing was performed.
恰当的使用方法:The sbcC gene was mapped, cloned, and sequenced.
不正确的使用方法:We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and gene expression was profiled.
恰当的使用方法:We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and performed gene expression profiling.
第五项:主关键词形容词不一致
在英文中,形容词应始终与主关键词一致。主关键词形容词不一致是另一项学者易犯的不正确。假如主关键词是奇数,则形容词也应当为奇数;而假如主关键词是复数,则形容词也应是复数。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rise to the surface water.
恰当的使用方法:The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rises to the surface water.
The verb (rises ) should agree with the subject (singular: the deep scattering layer).
不正确的使用方法:Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group is from the same origin.
恰当的使用方法:Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group were from the same origin.
第六项:负向迁移
负向迁移喻指在同一句中应用2个否定词以表明比照。比如,创作者常常不正确地成对应用although…but。因为这种词语意思同样,他们不可另外出現在句中,不然将产生赘字。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization, but VDAC2 is not ubiquitinated.
恰当的使用方法:Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization, VDAC2 is not.
不正确的使用方法:Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse, so the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.
恰当的使用方法:Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse, the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.
第七项:撇号
撇号是一个标点。在一些应用拉丁或别的英文字母的語言中,它也可做为变声标记。它在英文中有三个作用:标识省去了一个或好几个英文字母、标识所有格,及其标识事情为复数形式。
很多人会将无性命的受词套入所有格,应当防止这类使用方法。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:The coordinated gene's expression networks in numerous physiological, developmental, and metabolic processes.
恰当的使用方法:The coordinated expression of gene networks in numerous physiological, developmental, and metabolic processes.
医药学姓名专有名词后的所有格应当一律删掉。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:Klinefilter's syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility.
恰当的使用方法:Klinefilter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility
第八项:介系词
介系词标示出专有名词或代称和句中别的字或别的一部分的中间关联。他们的英文preposition(pre-position,放置正前方)源于它一般 坐落于专有名词或代称以前。误用介系词经常会造成 更改句意。
案例:
不正确的使用方法: The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different than that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.
恰当的使用方法:The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.
不正确的使用方法:The histological changes into lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy.
恰当的使用方法:The histological changes in lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy
第九项:分号连句
逗号的作用是联接句中一连串的念头。殊不知,一般人常认为分号便是要用在必须间断的地区。这并不彻底不正确,但很有可能会误加多余的分号而造成搞混。
在2个详细念头(详细句或子句)中间误加分号便会造成分号连句,而分号连句将造成「连写句run-on sentence」。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem, using a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.
恰当的使用方法:They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem that use a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.
不正确的使用方法:The long-duration recording facilitates the examination, of the occurrence patterns of fishes.
恰当的使用方法:The long-duration recording facilitates the examination of the occurrence patterns of fishes.
第十项:名词复数化
名词复数化也是一个很普遍的语法不正确。在专有名词后边再加上「s」或「es」就可以将专有名词变为复数。第一种不正确是多此一举,将「当修饰词用的专有名词」变为复数。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:Nine-weeks-old albino normal (non-cancerous) mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.
恰当的使用方法:Nine-week-old albino normal (non-cancerous) mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.
一般而言,就算当修饰词用的专有名词装饰复数名词,它自身并不要加复数(但有一部分除外)。
第二种不正确是复数化一些普遍的不可数名词,而这种专有名词并沒有复数形(比如research和evidence)。
案例:
不正确的使用方法:Examination of lacY and lacZ expressions in homozygotes to reveal their functions.
恰当的使用方法:Examination of lacY and lacZ expression in homozygotes to reveal their functions.
在科学研究创作中,特别是在指称遗传基因或蛋白表达时,「表述expression」这个词可当奇数或复数。若要注重本词为复数,则可选用「表述水准expression levels」或别的相近的片语。一定要注意在别的非技术性行业,表述是一个可数名词。
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