相近地，互联网外部经济能够做为第四个缘故，由于当一个商品的有效性伴随着应用它的总数的提升而提升时，它便会出現。手机上便是一个非常好的事例。在完全垄断市场中，边际收益曲线图和需求曲线全是斜放的。尽管边际收入和需求曲线斜放，完全垄断市场挣取经济利润。在完全垄断市场中，生产过程产生在边际收入(MR)和边际效益(MC)相逢或交叉的地区(Hubbard R. G.，利益最大化的垄断者，2016)。如下图所示，要求与边际收入(MR)曲线图斜放。边际效益曲线图(MC)高过均值固定成本(ATC)。这儿要求相当于收入水平和价钱。磁流变性曲线图坐落于需求曲线下。这一数据清晰地表明了完全垄断市场下的价钱和总数平衡。它突显了完全垄断市场在市场竞争激烈的销售市场中，即便生产量少但价钱高，也可以得到经济利润。很显著，与市场竞争销售市场对比，垄断者扣除高些的价钱，生产制造越来越少的商品。高些的价钱由垄断者减少了消费者剩余,在其中一些是被生产者剩余和一些造成无谓损失如下图叙述,因而,上边的图了,价钱、生产量和盈利的完全垄断市场能够根据查验要求,边际效益和边际收益(MR)曲线图。垄断性导致的经济发展高效率不高，因为较高的价钱和较低的生产量。伦敦水务公司是一家在加拿大具备关键垄断性影响力的企业。它是一家国企，由新南威尔士州政府部门国有独资有着。伦敦水务公司彻底承担为家中或工业生产出示各种各样主要用途的水。伦敦水务公司垄断性了全部伦敦地域的水源分派或供货(Sydney water, 2018)。它仅仅出示自来水管互联网的企业，由于创建全国的自来水管互联网涉及到很高的资金成本率。
澳大利亚社会经济学作业代写 成本费曲线图
Similarly network externalities can be taken as the fourth reason as it occurs when the usefulness of a product increases with the number of people who use it. Mobile phones can be a good example.In case of monopoly market, marginal revenue curve and demand curve are downward sloping. Although marginal revenue and demand curve slope downward monopoly market earn economic profit. In monopoly market production process takes place at the point where marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) meet or intersect each other (Hubbard R. G., Profit maximisation for a monopolist, 2016). It can be shown in figure as Above figure shows that demand and marginal revenue (MR) curve sloping downwards. Marginal cost curve (MC) lies above the average total cost (ATC). Here demand is equals to average revenue and price. MR curve lies under demand curve. This figure clearly illustrates price and quantity equilibrium under monopoly market. It highlights that monopoly market earns economic profit even by producing less but charging high price in the competitive market.It is clear that monopolist charges higher price and produces small quantity of goods as compared to competitive markets. The higher price determined by monopolist reduces the consumer surplus, some of which is captured by producer surplus and some results in deadweight loss as depicted by the figure below Thus, the above figure clarifies that the price, output and profit of monopoly market can be identified by examining the demand, marginal cost and marginal revenue(MR) curves. Monopolies cause economic inefficiency due to the higher price and the output that is lower.Sydney Water Corporation is a firm with significant monopoly power in Australia. It is a state owned corporation, wholly owned by the New South Wales Government. Sydney water corporation is fully responsible for supplying water for various purposes either for household or industrial purposes. Sydney water corporation has monopoly over the distribution or supply of water all over the Sydney region (Sydney WATER, 2018). It is only the firm providing the network of water pipes because there are very high capital costs involved in setting up a national network of pipes.
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